Fault Location, Isolation and Service Restoration (FLIR)

This application detects the fault, determines the faulted section and the probable location of fault, and recommends an optimal isolation of the faulted portions of the distribution feeder and the procedures for the restoration of services to its healthy portions. The key sub-functions performed by the application are as follows:

Fault Location

This sub-function is initiated by SCADA inputs, such as lockouts, fault indications/location, and, also, by inputs from OMS, and, in the future, by inputs from fault-predicting devices. It determines the specific protective device, which has cleared the sustained fault, identifies the de-energized sections, and estimates the probable place of the actual or the expected fault. It distinguishes faults cleared by controllable protective devices from those cleared by fuses, and identifies momentary outages and inrush/cold load pick-up currents.

Fault Isolation and Service Restoration

This sub-function supports three modes of operation:

1. Closed-loop mode, in which the sub-function is initiated by the Fault location sub-function. It generates a switching order (i.e., sequence) for the remotely controlled switching devices to isolate the faulted section, and restore service to the non-faulted sections. The switching order is automatically executed via SCADA. .

2. Advisory mode, in which the sub-function is initiated by the Fault location sub-function. It generates a switching order for remotely- and manually-controlled switching devices to isolate the faulted section, and restore service to the non-faulted sections. The switching order is presented to operator for approval and execution

3. Study mode, in which the sub-function is initiated by the user. It analyzes a saved case modified by the user, and generates a switching order under the operating conditions specified by the user.

If during execution, there is change in connectivity, the sub-function interrupts the execution and re-optimizes the solution based on new conditions. If during service restoration, there is another fault, the sub-function runs again considering a new fault scenario. When work is completed, the sub-function is instructed to generate a switching order for restoration of the normal configuration. The generated switching orders are based on considering the availability of remotely controlled switching devices, feeder paralleling, creation of islands supported by distributed energy resources, and on cold-load pickup currents.

Services

ADA indicates faults cleared by controllable protective devices by distinguishing between:

a) faults cleared by fuses

b) momentary outages

c) inrush/cold load current

ADA determines the faulted sections based on SCADA fault indications and protection lockout signals
ADA estimates the probable fault locations based on SCADA fault current measurements and real-time fault analysis
ADA determines the fault-clearing non-monitored protective device based on trouble call inputs and dynamic connectivity model
ADA generates switching orders for fault isolation, service restoration, and return to normal (taking into account the availability of remotely controlled switching devices, feeder paralleling, and cold-load pickup):

a) Operator executes switching orders by using SCADA

b) Operator authorizes ADA application to execute switching orders in closed-loop mode

ADA isolates the fault and restores service automatically by-passing the operator based on operator’s authorization in advance
ADA pre-arms Distributed Intelligence schemes
ADA considers creation of islands supported by distributed resources for service restoration

Steps

The following FLIR functions are described:

FLIR First Fault with Only Manual Switches
FLIR Second Fault (Related to First Fault which is Not Resolved Yet) with Only Manual Switches
FLIR Fault with Remotely-Controlled and Manual Switches
FLIR Fault with Remotely-Controlled and Manual Switches and Distributed Intelligence System (DIS)
FLIR Fault with DER Connected to Healthy Section

FLIR First Fault with Only Manual Switches

#	Event	Name of Process/Activity	Description of Process/Activity	Information Producer	Information Receiver	Name of Info Exchanged	IntelliGrid Architecture Environments
2.1.1	FLIR first fault with only manual switches	Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of DMS SCADA data to be checked for changes in topology. It also provides the latest relevant analog data.	DMS SCADA database	DOMA function	DMS real-time analog, status & TLQ data	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.1.2		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of Energy Management System SCADA data to be checked for relevant changes or events.	Energy Management System SCADA database	DOMA function	Energy Management System real-time analog, status, TLQ data	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.1.3		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of environmental data to be checked for changes affecting DER performance forecast.	Environmental daily data collector	DOMA function	Real-time environmental data for DER schedule forecast	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.1.4		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of latest schedules of presently active or authorized for future outages to be checked for changes during the time of repair.	Outage Management System	DOMA function	Schedules of presently active or authorized for future outages	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.1.5		ADA Topology Update System changes connectivity	After DOMA detects fault in distribution, relevant information is provided to topology function.	DOMA function	ADA Topology Update System	Circuit breaker lockouts, inputs from Outage Management System	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.1.6		ADA Topology Update System changes connectivity	After fault is detected, ADA database is updated.	ADA Topology Update System	ADA Database	Update of ADA database	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.1.7		Fault location sub-function identifies fault-related protective devices and de-energized sections	Topology function initiates fault location sub-function of the FLIR function.	ADA Topology Update System	FLIR function	Fault location sub-function initiation	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.1.8		Fault location sub-function identifies fault-related protective devices and de-energized sections	Fault location sub-function receives the needed data from ADA database after it was updated with fault information.	ADA Database	FLIR function	Excerpts from ADA database updated after fault detection	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.1.9		Fault location sub-function identifies fault-related protective devices and de-energized sections	Fault location sub-function provides the System Operator with information needed for him to make operational decisions, i.e., dispatching the field crew, etc.	FLIR function	System Operator	Circuit breaker lockouts, inputs from Outage Management System, fault-related de-energized sections	User Interface
2.1.10		Fault- location relay informs System Operator	System Operator receives distances to fault location provided by the fault location relay.	Fault location function	System Operator	Distances to fault location	User Interface
2.1.12		System Operator informs field crew	System Operator authorizes to patrol the faulted line to locate fault and perform binary search if needed.	System Operator	Field Personnel	Authorization to patrol faulted line	User Interface
2.1.13		Field Personnel informs System Operator	After locating the fault, the crew informs the System Operator about the status of switches involved in initial fault isolation.	Field Personnel	System Operator	Status of switches involved in initial fault isolation	User Interface
2.1.14, 2.1.15		Entering status of switches and faulted section into ADA database	The System Operator enters status of switches (pseudo-statuses) involved in initial fault isolation and the faulted section into ADA database.	System Operator	ADA Database	ADA database update after initial fault isolation	User Interface
2.1.16		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	By entering the faulted section into the ADA database, the System Operator initiates fault isolation and service restoration sub-function.	System Operator	FLIR	Initiation of fault isolation and service restoration sub-function	User Interface
2.1.17		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function receives ADA database excerpts updated after initial fault isolation.	ADA Database	FLIR function	ADA database excerpts updated after initial fault isolation	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.1.18		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	FLIR issues a report for archiving in ADA historic database	FLIR function	ADA Historic Database	Report including interrupted, un-served and restored load, and number of customers	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.1.19		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	A generated list of recommended switching orders is presented to the System Operator.	FLIR function	System Operator	List of recommended switching orders	User Interface
2.1.20		System Operator informs field crew	System Operator selects a switching order and authorizes its implementation.	System Operator	Field Personnel	Switching order authorized for implementation	User Interface
2.1.21		Field Personnel informs System Operator	Upon final isolation and service restoration to healthy sections, the field crew informs the System Operator about final status of relevant switches (cuts).	Field Personnel	System Operator	Status of switches involved in final fault isolation and service restoration to healthy sections.	User Interface
2.1.22, 2.1.23		Entering status of switches involved in final fault isolation and service restoration to healthy sections into ADA database	The System Operator enters status of switches/cuts (pseudo-statuses) involved in final fault isolation and service restoration to healthy sections into ADA database	System Operator	ADA Database	ADA database update after final fault isolation and service restoration	User Interface
2.1.24		FLIR updates the switching order in accord with the final fault isolation	System Operator receives the final switching order from FLIR and dispatched the crew to implement it	FLIR, System Operator	System Operator, Field Personnel	Switching order, instructions to the crew	User Interface

FLIR Second Fault (Related to First Fault which is Not Resolved Yet) with Only Manual Switches

#	Event	Name of Process/Activity		Description of Process/Activity	Information Producer	Information Receiver	Name of Info Exchanged	IntelliGrid Architecture Environments
2.2.1	FLIR second fault (related to first fault which is not resolved yet) with only manual switches	Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of DMS SCADA data to be checked for changes in topology. It also provides the latest relevant analog data.		DMS SCADA database	DOMA function	DMS real-time analog, status & TLQ data at time of first fault	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.2		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of Energy Management System SCADA data to be checked for relevant changes or events.		Energy Management System SCADA database	DOMA function	Energy Management System real-time analog, status, TLQ data at time of first fault	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.3		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of environmental data to be checked for changes affecting DER performance forecast.		Environmental daily data collector	DOMA function	Real-time environmental data for DER schedule forecast at time of first fault	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.4		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of latest schedules of presently active or authorized for future outages to be checked for changes.		Outage Management System	DOMA function	Schedules of presently active or authorized for future outages at time of first fault	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.5		ADA Topology Update System changes connectivity	After DOMA detects first fault in distribution, relevant information is provided to topology function.		DOMA function	ADA Topology Update System	First fault: circuit breaker lockouts, inputs from Outage Management System	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.6		ADA Topology Update System changes connectivity	After first fault is detected, ADA database is updated.		ADA Topology Update System	ADA Database	Update of ADA database after first fault detection	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.7		Fault location sub-function identifies fault-related protective devices and de-energized sections	After the first fault is detected, topology function initiates fault location sub-function of the FLIR function.		ADA Topology Update System	FLIR function	Fault location sub-function initiation after first fault	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.8		Fault location sub-function identifies fault-related protective devices and de-energized sections	Fault location sub-function receives the needed data from ADA database after it was updated with the first fault information.		ADA Database	FLIR function	Excerpts from ADA database updated after first fault detection	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.9		Fault location sub-function identifies fault-related protective devices and de-energized sections	Fault location sub-function provides the System Operator with information on the first fault needed for him to make operational decisions, i.e., dispatching the field crew, etc.		FLIR function	System Operator	First fault: circuit breaker lockouts, inputs from Outage Management System, fault-related de-energized sections	User Interface
2.2.10		System Operator informs field crew	System Operator authorizes to patrol the faulted line to locate first fault and perform binary search if needed.		System Operator	Field Personnel	Authorization to patrol faulted line to locate first fault	User Interface
2.2.11		Field Personnel informs System Operator	After locating the first fault, the crew informs the System Operator about the status of switches involved in initial fault isolation.		Field Personnel	System Operator	Status of switches involved in initial first fault isolation	User Interface
2.2.12, 2.2.13		Entering status of switches and faulted section into ADA database	The System Operator enters status of switches (pseudo-statuses) involved in initial first fault isolation and the faulted section into ADA database.		System Operator	ADA Database	ADA database update after initial isolation of first fault	User Interface
2.2.14		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	By entering the faulted section, associated with first fault, into the ADA database, the System Operator initiates fault isolation and service restoration sub-function.		System Operator	FLIR	Initiation of fault isolation and service restoration sub-function	User Interface
2.2.15		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function receives ADA database excerpts updated after initial first fault isolation.		ADA Database	FLIR function	ADA database excerpts updated after initial isolation of first fault	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.16		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	FLIR issues a report after the first fault for archiving in ADA historic database		FLIR function	ADA Historic Database	Report including interrupted, un-served and restored load, and number of customers after first fault	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.17		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	A generated list of recommended switching orders related to first fault is presented to the System Operator.		FLIR function	System Operator	List of recommended switching orders related to first fault	User Interface
2.2.18	FLIR second fault (related to first fault which is not resolved yet) with only manual switches	Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of DMS SCADA data to be checked for changes in topology. It also provides the latest relevant analog data.		DMS SCADA database	DOMA function	DMS real-time analog, status & TLQ data at time of second fault	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.19		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of Energy Management System SCADA data to be checked for relevant changes or events.		Energy Management System SCADA database	DOMA function	Energy Management System real-time analog, status, TLQ data at time of second fault	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.20		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of environmental data to be checked for changes affecting DER performance forecast.		Environmental daily data collector	DOMA function	Real-time environmental data for DER schedule forecast at time of second fault	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.21		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of latest schedules of presently active or authorized for future outages to be checked for changes.		Outage Management System	DOMA function	Schedules of presently active or authorized for future outages at time of second fault	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.22		ADA Topology Update System changes connectivity	After DOMA detects second fault in distribution, relevant information is provided to topology function.		DOMA function	ADA Topology Update System	Second fault: circuit breaker lockouts, inputs from Outage Management System	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.23		ADA Topology Update System changes connectivity	After second fault is detected, ADA database is updated.		ADA Topology Update System	ADA Database	Update of ADA database after second fault detection	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.24		Fault location sub-function identifies fault-related protective devices and de-energized sections	After the second fault is detected, topology function initiates fault location sub-function of the FLIR function.		ADA Topology Update System	FLIR function	Fault location sub-function initiation after second fault	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.25		Fault location sub-function identifies fault-related protective devices and de-energized sections	Fault location sub-function receives the needed data from ADA database after it was updated with the second fault information.		ADA Database	FLIR function	Excerpts from ADA database updated after second fault detection	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.26		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function determines whether second fault impacts switching for first fault	Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function determines whether second fault impacts switching for first fault.		FLIR function	FLIR function	Second fault: circuit breaker lockouts, inputs from Outage Management System, fault-related de-energized sections	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.27		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function determines whether second fault impacts switching for first fault	Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function cancels the previous switching order if it needs to.		FLIR function	System Operator	Cancellation of first-fault-related switching order	User Interface
2.2.28		System Operator informs field crew	System Operator authorizes to patrol the faulted line to locate second fault and perform binary search if needed.		System Operator	Field Personnel	Authorization to patrol faulted line to locate second fault	User Interface
2.2.29		Field Personnel informs System Operator	After locating the second fault, the crew informs the System Operator about the status of switches involved in initial second fault isolation.		Field Personnel	System Operator	Status of switches involved in initial second fault isolation	User Interface
2.2.30, 2.2.31		Entering status of switches and faulted section into ADA database	The System Operator enters status of switches (pseudo-statuses) involved in initial second fault isolation and the faulted section into ADA database.		System Operator	ADA Database	ADA database update after initial isolation of second fault	User Interface
2.2.32		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	By entering the faulted section, associated with second fault, into the ADA database, the System Operator initiates fault isolation and service restoration sub-function for both faults.		System Operator	FLIR	Initiation of fault isolation and service restoration sub-function	User Interface
2.2.33		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function receives ADA database excerpts updated after initial second fault isolation.		ADA Database	FLIR function	ADA database excerpts updated after initial isolation of second fault	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.34		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	FLIR issues a report after the second fault for archiving in ADA historic database		FLIR function	ADA Historic Database	Report including interrupted, un-served and restored load, and number of customers after second fault	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.2.35		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	A generated list of recommended switching orders related to both faults is presented to the System Operator.		FLIR function	System Operator	List of recommended switching orders related to second fault	User Interface
2.2.36		System Operator informs field crew	System Operator selects a switching order and authorizes its implementation.		System Operator	Field Personnel	Switching order authorized for implementation after second fault	User Interface
2.2.37		Field Personnel informs System Operator	Upon final isolation and service restoration to healthy sections, the field crew informs the System Operator about final status of relevant switches for the second fault.		Field Personnel	System Operator	Status of switches involved in final fault isolation and service restoration to healthy sections after second fault.	User Interface
2.2.38, 2.2.39		Entering status of switches involved in final fault isolation and service restoration to healthy sections into ADA database	The System Operator enters status of switches (pseudo-statuses) involved in final fault isolation and service restoration to healthy sections into ADA database		System Operator	ADA Database	ADA database update after final fault isolation and service restoration	User Interface
2.2.40	FLIR	System Operator receives the final switching order from FLIR and dispatched the crew to implement it	FLIR, System Operator		System Operator	Field Personnel	Switching order, instructions to the crew	User Interface

FLIR Fault with Remotely-Controlled and Manual Switches

#	Event	Name of Process/Activity	Description of Process/Activity	Information Producer	Information Receiver	Name of Info Exchanged	IntelliGrid Architecture Environments
2.3.1	FLIR fault with remotely-controlled and manual switches	Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of DMS SCADA data to be checked for changes in topology. It also provides the latest relevant analog data.	DMS SCADA database	DOMA function	DMS real-time analog, status & TLQ data	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.2		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of Energy Management System SCADA data to be checked for relevant changes or events.	Energy Management System SCADA database	DOMA function	Energy Management System real-time analog, status, TLQ data	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.3		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of environmental data to be checked for changes affecting DER performance forecast.	Environmental daily data collector	DOMA function	Real-time environmental data for DER schedule forecast	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.4		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of latest schedules of presently active or authorized for future outages to be checked for changes.	Outage Management System	DOMA function	Schedules of presently active or authorized for future outages	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.5		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the distance to fault location, which is provided by Fault location function in the presence of the fault.	Fault location function	DOMA function	Distance to fault location	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.6		ADA Topology Update System changes connectivity	After DOMA detects fault in distribution, relevant information is provided to topology function.	DOMA function	ADA Topology Update System	Circuit breaker lockouts, inputs from Outage Management System	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.7		ADA Topology Update System changes connectivity	After fault is detected, ADA database is updated.	ADA Topology Update System	ADA Database	Update of ADA database	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.8		Fault location sub-function identifies fault-related protective devices and de-energized sections	Topology function initiates fault location sub-function of the FLIR function.	ADA Topology Update System	FLIR function	Fault location subfunction initiation	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.9		Fault location subfunction identifies fault-related protective devices and de-energized sections	Fault location subfunction receives the needed data from ADA database after it was updated with fault information.	ADA Database	FLIR function	Excerpts from ADA database updated after fault detection	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.10		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	Fault location subfunction initiates fault isolation and service restoration sub-function of the FLIR function.	Fault location function	Fault isolation and service restoration subfunction	Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function initiation, probable fault location with alternatives	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.11		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function receives ADA database excerpts updated with fault information.	ADA Database	FLIR function	ADA database excerpts	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.12		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	FLIR issues a report for archiving in ADA historic database.	FLIR function	ADA Historic Database	Report including interrupted, un-served and restored load, and number of customers before additional fault isolation	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.13a		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	A list of recommended switching orders using remotely controlled switches is presented to the System Operator.	FLIR function	System Operator	List of switching orders recommended after fault detection	User Interface
2.3.13b		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	In advisory mode, System Operator considers the list of switching order alternatives and selects the best SO based on predefined criteria	FLIR function	System Operator	List of switching orders recommended after fault detection	User Interface
2.3.14a		SO execution	In the advisory mode, the System Operator, after reviewing SO, issues supervisory commands to execute it.	System Operator	DMS SCADA database	Supervisory command to execute SO issued after fault detection	User Interface
2.3.14b		SO execution	In the closed-loop mode, FLIR issues command to execute the best SO.	FLIR	DMS SCADA database	Supervisory command to execute SO issued after fault detection	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.15		System Operator informs field crew	System Operator authorizes to patrol the faulted section to accurately locate the fault and perform binary search if needed.	System Operator	Field Personnel	Authorization to patrol faulted line	User Interface
2.3.16		Field Personnel informs System Operator	After accurately locating the fault, the crew informs the System Operator about the status of switches involved in additional switching to isolate the smallest possible faulted section.	Field Personnel	System Operator	Status of switches involved in isolating the smallest possible faulted section	User Interface
2.3.17, 2.3.18		Entering status of switches and faulted section into ADA database	The System Operator enters status of switches (pseudo-statuses) involved in finall fault isolation and the faulted section into ADA database.	System Operator	ADA Database	ADA database update additional fault isolation	User Interface
2.3.19		Entering status of switches and faulted section into ADA database	Entering the faulted section into ADA database initiates FLIR for generating final SO	ADA Database	FLIR	Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function initiation after additional fault isolation	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.20		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function receives ADA database excerpts updated after additional fault isolation.	ADA Database	FLIR function	ADA database excerpts	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.21		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	FLIR issues a report for archiving in ADA historic database.	FLIR function	ADA Historic Database	Report including interrupted, un-served and restored load, and number of customers after additional fault isolation	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.3.22a		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	A list of recommended final switching orders is presented to the System Operator.	FLIR function	System Operator	List of switching orders recommended after additional fault isolation	User Interface
2.3.23a		SO execution	In the advisory mode, the System Operator, after reviewing SO, issues supervisory commands to execute it.	System Operator	DMS SCADA database	Supervisory command to execute SO issued after additional fault isolation	User Interface
2.3.23b		SO execution	In the closed-loop mode, FLIR issues commands to execute SO.	FLIR	DMS SCADA database	Supervisory command to execute SO issued after additional fault isolation	Intra-Control Center Environment

FLIR Fault with Remotely-Controlled and Manual Switches and Distributed Intelligence System (DIS)

#	Event	Name of Process/Activity	Description of Process/Activity	Information Producer	Information Receiver	Name of Info Exchanged	IntelliGrid Architecture Environments
2.4.1a	Fault with remotely-controlled and manual switches and with DIS	DIS identifies relevant protective device, de-energized sections and probable fault location and finds service restoration solution	Distributed Intelligence System (DIS) receives the real-time local status and analog data.	IEDs of DIS members	Distributed Intelligence Schemes	Real-time local status and analog data	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.2a		DIS identifies relevant protective device, de-energized sections and probable fault location and finds service restoration solution	DIS communicates to DIS members the switching instructions for fault isolation and service restoration.	Distributed Intelligence Schemes	IEDS of DIS members	Command to isolate fault and restore service to healthy sections.	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.3a		DIS identifies relevant protective device, de-energized sections and probable fault location and finds service restoration solution	Changes in connectivity implemented by DIS are downloaded into DMS SCADA database.	Distributed Intelligence Schemes	DMS SCADA database	Changes in connectivity implemented by DIS	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.4a		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of DMS SCADA data to be checked for changes in topology. It also receives the latest relevant analog data.	DMS SCADA database	DOMA function	DMS real-time analog, status & TLQ data, phasor data from WAMACS	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.5a		Checking real-time data	ADA Topology Update System receives the changes in connectivity implemented by DIS	DOMA function	ADA Topology Update System	Changes in connectivity implemented by DIS	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.6a		ADA Topology Update System changes connectivity	ADA database is updated with changes in connectivity implemented by DIS	ADA Topology Update System	ADA Database	Changes in connectivity implemented by DIS	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.1b		DIS identifies relevant protective device, de-energized sections and probable fault location and can not find service restoration solution	Distributed Intelligence System (DIS) receives real-time local status and analog data.	IEDs of DIS members	Distributed Intelligence Schemes	Real-time status and analog data	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.2b		DIS identifies relevant protective device, de-energized sections and probable fault location and can not find service restoration solution	Indication of DIS inability to find a solution is downloaded into DMS SCADA database.	Distributed Intelligence Schemes	DMS SCADA database	Indication of DIS inability to find a solution	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.3b		Checking real-time data	Due to DIS inability to find a solution, ADA is initiated.	DMS SCADA database	DOMA function	Command to initiate ADA, DMS real-time analog, status & TLQ data	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.4b		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of latest schedules of presently active or authorized for future outages to be checked for changes.	Outage Management System	DOMA function	Schedules of presently active or authorized for future outages	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.5b		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of Energy Management System SCADA data to be checked for relevant changes or events.	Energy Management System SCADA database	DOMA function	Energy Management System real-time analog, status, TLQ data	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.6b		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the scan of environmental data to be checked for changes affecting DER schedule forecast.	Environmental daily data collector	DOMA function	Real-time environmental data for DER schedule forecast	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.7b		Checking real-time data	DOMA function receives the distance to fault location, which is provided by fault-locating relay in the presence of the fault.	Fault location function	DOMA function	Distance to fault location	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.8b		ADA Topology Update System changes connectivity	After DOMA detects fault in distribution, relevant information is provided to topology function.	DOMA function	ADA Topology Update System	Circuit breaker lockouts, inputs from Outage Management System	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.9b		ADA Topology Update System changes connectivity	After fault is detected, ADA database is updated.	ADA Topology Update System	ADA Database	Update of ADA database	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.10b		Fault location subfunction identifies fault-related protective devices and de-energized sections	Topology function initiates fault location sub-function of the FLIR function.	ADA Topology Update System	FLIR function	Fault location subfunction initiation	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.11b		Fault location subfunction identifies fault-related protective devices and de-energized sections	Fault location subfunction receives the needed data from ADA database after it was updated with fault information.	ADA Database	FLIR function	Excerpts from ADA database updated after fault detection	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.12b		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	Fault location subfunction initiates fault isolation and service restoration sub-function of the FLIR function.	Fault location function	Fault isolation and service restoration subfunction	Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function initiation, probable fault location with alternatives	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.13b		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function receives ADA database excerpts updated with fault information.	ADA Database	FLIR function	ADA database excerpts	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.14b		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	FLIR issues a report for archiving in ADA historic database.	FLIR function	ADA Historic Database	Report including interrupted, un-served and restored load, and number of customers before additional fault isolation	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.15b		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	A list of recommended switching orders is presented to the System Operator.	FLIR function	System Operator	List of switching orders recommended after fault detection	User Interface
2.4.16b		SO execution	In the advisory mode, the System Operator, after reviewing SO, issues a supervisory command to execute it.	System Operator	DMS SCADA database	Supervisory command to execute SO issued after fault detection	User Interface
2.4.17b		System Operator informs field crew	System Operator authorizes to patrol the faulted line to accurately locate fault.	System Operator	Field Personnel	Authorization to patrol faulted line	User Interface
2.4.18b		Field Personnel informs System Operator	After locating the fault, the crew informs the System Operator about the status of switches involved in additional switching to isolate the smallest possible faulted section.	Field Personnel	System Operator	Status of switches involved in isolating the smallest possible faulted section	User Interface
2.4.19b, 2.4.20b		Entering status of switches and faulted section into ADA database	The System Operator enters status of switches (pseudo-statuses) involved in final fault isolation and the faulted section into ADA database.	System Operator	ADA Database	ADA database update additional fault isolation	User Interface
2.4.21b		Entering status of switches and faulted section into ADA database	Entering the faulted section into ADA database initiates FLIR	ADA Database	FLIR	Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function initiation after additional fault isolation	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.22b		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function receives ADA database excerpts updated after additional fault isolation.	ADA Database	FLIR function	ADA database excerpts	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.23b		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	FLIR issues a report for archiving in ADA historic database.	FLIR function	ADA Historic Database	Report including interrupted, un-served and restored load, and number of customers after additional fault isolation	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.4.24b		Fault isolation and service restoration sub-function generates list of recommended switching orders	A list of recommended switching orders is presented to the System Operator.	FLIR function	System Operator	List of switching orders recommended after additional fault isolation	User Interface
2.4.25b		SO execution	The System Operator, after reviewing SO, issues a supervisory command to execute it, if remotely controlled switches are used. If manual switches are involved, the System Operator dispatches the crew to implement the switching order.	System Operator	DMS SCADA database	Supervisory command to execute SO issued after additional fault isolation; instructions for the crew.	User Interface

FLIR Fault with DER Connected to Healthy Section

#	Event	Name of Process/Activity	Description of Process/Activity	Information Producer	Information Receiver	Name of Info Exchanged	IntelliGrid Architecture Environments
2.5.1	Fault in a circuit with DER connected to healthy section cleared by fast circuit breaker trip and by reverse protection from DER fault injection creating a self-sufficient island	Unintentional self-sufficient island is created	DOMA receives the scan of DMS SCADA data and historic load data to be checked for changes in topology and loading during the time of repair.	DMS SCADA database	DOMA	DMS real-time analog, status & TLQ data, phasor data from WAMACS	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.5.2a		Checking the sufficiency of the island during the time of repair	DOMA determines the sufficiency of the island during the time of repair and enables FLIR for location of the fault within the de-energized section.	DOMA	FLIR	Instructions to FLIR	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.5.2b		Checking the sufficiency of the island during the time of repair	DOMA determines the insufficiency of the island during the portion of time of repair and enables FLIR for location of the fault within the de-energized section and solving restoration for the customers connected to the island.	DOMA	FLIR	Instructions to FLIR	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.5.3	Fault in a circuit with DER connected to healthy section cleared by fast circuit breaker trip and by reverse protection from DER fault injection, creating an insufficient island	Unintentional insufficient island is created, DER is separated with or without balanced load	DOMA receives the scan of DMS SCADA data and historic load data to be checked for changes in topology and loading during the time of repair.	DMS SCADA database	DOMA	DMS real-time analog, status & TLQ data, phasor data from WAMACS	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.5.4		Checking the sufficiency of the island during the time of repair	DOMA determines the insufficiency of the island during the time of repair and enables FLIR for location of the fault within the de-energized section and solving restoration for the de-energized customers connected to the island.	DOMA	FLIR	Instructions to FLIR	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.5.5	Fault in a circuit with DER connected to healthy section cleared by circuit breaker and by relay protection of DER at the PCC	The feeder is de-energized, DER is separated with or without balanced load	DOMA receives the scan of DMS SCADA data and historic load data to be checked for changes in topology and loading during the time of repair.	DMS SCADA database	DOMA	DMS real-time analog, status & TLQ data, phasor data from WAMACS	Intra-Control Center Environment
2.5.6		Checking the topology to ensure that DER is separated	DOMA determines the after-fault topology, the loading during the time of repair, and enables FLIR for location of the fault and solving isolation of the fault and restoration for the de-energized customers connected to the healthy portions of the feeder.	DOMA	FLIR	Instructions to FLIR	Intra-Control Center Environment