IntelliGrid Architecture

Deterministic Rapid Response Inter-Site Environment - #2

The Deterministic Rapid Response Inter-Site environment represents a set of requirements primarily concerned with the system-wide stability and reliability of the power grid.   When implemented on general networks rather than dedicated lines, it is even newer than its Intra-Substation counterpart, with only a few pilot projects currently underway.

Typical Applications: Sending protection, samples, phasor measurements, and process control information between sites in real-time enables applications that can coordinate functions at a grid level and anticipate problems rather than just reacting to them.  The simplest use of this environment may be transmission line protection, while more complex applications might involve real-time contingency analysis. These applications may be coordinated between field equipment, between multiple substations, or between substations and other sites such as control centers. 

Characteristics, and Similar Environments: The Deterministic Rapid Response Inter-Site environment has higher security requirements and lower timing requirements than Deterministic Rapid Response Intra-Substation.  However, violations of its timing requirements might still cause equipment damage, safety concerns, or network instability issues. Volumes of this type of data exchange are small so far but have the potential to be enormous if the quest for grid stability causes data to be directly measured that previously was only estimated.  This could make data management concerns for this environment much greater than its Intra-Substation counterpart.

Definition:  This environment is defined by the following requirements:

Communication and Information Requirements that Define this Environment

Configuration Requirements

• Support interactions across widely distributed sites

Quality of Service Requirements

• Provide ultra high speed messaging (short latency) of less than 4 milliseconds
• Support high precision of data (< 0.5 variance)
• Support time synchronization of data for age and time-skew information

Security Requirements

• Provide Authorization Service for Access Control (resolving a policy-based access control decision to ensure authorized entities have appropriate access rights and authorized access is not denied)
• Provide Security Policy Service (concerned with the management of security policies)

Data Management Requirements

• Support keeping data consistent and synchronized across systems and/or databases
• Support specific standardized or de facto object models of data

Recommended Technologies

Energy Industry-Specific Technologies

    Utility Field Device Related Data Exchange Technologies

• IEC61850 Part 7-2 - GSE (GOOSE and GSSE - Configuration, Quality of Service,
• IEC61850 Parts 7-3 and 7-4 - Substation Object Modeling - Quality of Service, Data Management
• IEC61850 Power Quality Object Models - Quality of Service, Data Management
• IEEE C37.94 - Standard for N x 64 kbps Optical Fiber Interfaces between - Quality of Service,

Communications Industry Technologies

    Link Layer and Physical Technologies

• Ethernet - Quality of Service,
• Bridges/Switches - Configuration,
• Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) - Configuration,
• Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) - Configuration, Quality of Service,

    Wireless Technologies

• Global Positioning System (GPS) - Quality of Service, Data Management

Security Technologies

    Policy and Framework Related Technologies

• ISO/IEC 10164-8:1993 Security Audit Trail Function - Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Systems Management - Security,
• ISO/IEC 10181-7:1996 Security Audit and Alarms Framework - Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection -- Security Frameworks for Open Systems - Security,
• FIPS PUB 112 Password Usage - Security,

    General Security Technologies

• Role-Based Access Control - Security,
• Service Level Agreements (SLA) - Security,

    Application Layer Security Technologies

• IEC 62351-6 Security for IEC 61850 GOOSE, GSSE, and SMV Profiles - Security,

Network and Enterprise Management Technologies

    Network Management Technologies

• IEC 62351-7 Objects for Network Management - Data Management

 

---

Recommended Common Services

Security Services

    Common Security Services

• Authorization for Access Control - Security,
• Security Policies - Security,

Network and System Management Services

    Enterprise Management Services

• System/Network Health-Check Analysis - Quality of Service,
• System/Network Fault Diagnosis - Quality of Service,
• System/Network Performance Analysis - Quality of Service,

Data Management Common Services

    Data Management Common Services

• Address and Naming Management - Data Management
• Network Time - Data Management

Common Platform Services

Recommended Best Practices

Data Management Best Practices

    Data Management

• Object Modeling Techniques - Data Management
• Quality Flagging - Quality of Service, Data Management
• Time Stamping - Quality of Service, Data Management
• Data Update Management - Data Management
• Management of Time-Sensitive Data Flows and Timely Access to Data by Multiple Different Users - Quality of Service, Data Management
• Management of Data and Object Naming - Data Management
• Management of Data Formats in Data Exchanges - Data Management
• Management of Data Accuracy - Quality of Service,

Security Best Practices

Security Technology Documents

Alternative Technologies

    Link Layer and Physical Technologies

• Digital Signal (DSx), Time-division multiplexing, the T-carriers, T1, fractional T1 - Configuration,
• Frame Relay - Configuration,

Alternative Best Practices

    Data Management

• Alternate Communication Channels - Configuration,
• Backup Data Sources - Configuration,

    IETF Internet Requests for Comments (RFCs) on Security Technologies

• RFC 1305 Network Time Protocol (Version 3) Specification, Implementation - Quality of Service,